Tuesday, January 21, 2020
extinction of great apes :: essays research papers
The great apes are humankind’s closest relatives. Great apes include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos, which are also known as pygmy chimps. At the turn of the century, there were approximately one million chimpanzees in Africa. This number has declined down to 150,000. Mountain gorillas have halved in size over the last ten years, leaving only 320 to roam the trees of their homeland. Some say these great apes will face extinction within a decade. Why is this the case and should we let this happen? These apes lose areas of habitat on a daily basis. They are also constantly slaughtered for meat and body parts. These two enormous contributors of great ape depletion are just unnecessary additional threats to the existence of our relatives. We must not forget that there is also disease and environmental catastrophes that kill off these intelligent human-like primates. Humans share up to 98% of their DNA. This makes the great apes a very valuable and important subject for study. There is a lot we can learn from them. Because we are so closely related, this may also be a link to global extinction. Perhaps a more thorough evaluation of each of the factors which contribute to the depletion of the four great apes may help to understand how damaging and unnecessary this depletion has become for them, as well as for us. Loss of Habitat      One of the most influential causes for the mass decline in great apes is due to habitat loss. Habitat loss includes the clearing out of forests for agriculture, timber extraction, and fuel wood. The orangutan may be in the most trouble because of this. The last large groups of these primates are located in the large rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. These forests are currently being destroyed by illegal loggers, planters, and also by forest fires. Many of these fires seem to be started by plantation owners. The act of logging is not just about taking down a few large trees. It is about stealing all of their resources. Great apes use their environment to build tools and to eat. If we continue to take away their primary food source, they are sure to die off. In addition to destroying their food resources, logging creates islands of rainforest. Cutting down trees, leaves gaps of open area. This causes an isolation of the great ape population.      The gap caused by logging also is a common cause of these rainforest fires.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Post Partum Depression Essay
ABSTRACT                Every woman who becomes a mother has their own reasons of being happy after giving birth to a child. The first days of a child in their arms seems to be the greatest gift that they have ever received in their entire lives. However, things at times turn out uneasily different as the view of the mother to her new born child and at times even towards her husband changes. At some point, she treats the people visiting her in a wrong manner. Being overly anxious about things and extremely depressed in either the morning or the evening becomes her usual reaction to the things happening around her. Is she going crazy? No, she is simply experiencing Post Partum Depression. It is a matter of situation by which a new mother’s hormones are unstable that her emotions are controlled by the changes that her body undergoes after giving birth to her child. This is the main issue that shall be tackled within the paper that follows.                How does one understand what Post Partum Depression really is? How is it supposed to be dealt with by the mother and by other people living around her? Is it a serious problem that needs medical treatment? How will the family members know when to ask for professional help? TO the women experiencing this particular matter of situation, how would they be able to overcome it? These are only among the few questions that shall be addressed in the paper that shall be presented herein. Through the discussions that shall be noted in this paper, the importance of addressing the matter shall be noted clearly as to how the procedures of dealing with the issue could be practically applied in actual situations. POST PARTUM DEPRESSION: Dealing With the Ups and Downs of New Motherhood Introduction            The wonder of giving birth is something that is considered as a given gift solely to the feminine gender of the human population. However, the after effects of this particular wonder also belong solely to the women. What is it that makes giving birth a highly depressive matter for some women? This is where the issue of Post Partum Depression comes into light. Undeniably, the process of dealing with this issue is something that needs careful attention not only be the women involved in the situation but also by the people living around them. The term â€Å"postpartum depression†refers to depressive episodes following childbirth. These can occur after the birth of any child, not just the first. Depressive episodes can even follow a miscarriage or termination of a pregnancy. According to the Office on Women’s Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there is a wide range in the severity of the symptoms. Many women experience postpartum blues, or baby blues, characterized by mild sadness, anxiety, irritability, fluctuating moods, and fatigue. These blues are considered normal and are short-lived, resolving themselves without medical help within about ten days after childbirth. However, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists estimates that in 1 out of 10 new mothers, these feelings escalate and go beyond the first few days. They can even appear several months after the birth. This may be full-fledged postpartum depression, in which the feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair are so intense that the new mother has trouble coping with her daily tasks. Additionally, between 1 and 3 new mothers in every 1,000 suffer from an even more severe form of depression called postpartum psychosis, in which the mother has delusions or hallucinations that often focus on hurting herself or her baby. This latter condition requires immediate medical attention. There is no single clearly defined cause of postpartum depression. Both physical and emotional factors seem to be involved. One physical factor may be that in the first 24 to 48 hours after delivery, estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply, to a point lower than before conception, creating an abrupt change in the physiological state of the body. This may trigger depression in much the same way as mood swings and tension are triggered before menstrual periods. The level of hormones produced by the thyroid may also drop after childbirth. This could result in symptoms that mimic depression. For these reasons researchers are calling PPD a â€Å"biochemical and hormonal disorder.†Interestingly, one medical newsletter suggests that postpartum depression may be caused by a nutritional imbalance, perhaps a B-complex deficiency. Fatigue and lack of sleep can also play a role. Says Dr. Steven I. Altchuler, a psychiatrist at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, U.S.A.: â€Å"In the period shortly after childbirth, lack of energy and an inability to sleep may make minor problems seem much more major. Some women might be frustrated to find that they have difficulty coping with things that they had handled well before delivery, without the baby blues, and with a full night’s sleep.†Emotional factors such as an unplanned pregnancy, a premature birth, loss of freedom, concern about attractiveness and lack of support can also add to depression. Additionally, there are several common myths about being a mother that can contribute to a woman’s feeling depressed and feeling that she is a failure. These include the idea that motherhood skills are instinctive, that bonding should be immediate, that the baby will be perfect and never fussy, and that the new mother should be perfect. In real life this is not the case. Mothering skills need to be learned, bonding often takes time, some babies are easier to care for than others, and no mother is perfect or a super mom. Obviously from this particular overview of the situation, post partum depression stands as a common thing that is experienced by women who have given birth to young infants. As common as it is, the situation is indeed something that could be dealt with conscientiously. Through the process of understanding the situation towards the process of making amends with the person dealing with the dilemma, the problem with Post Partum Depression could be won. Methodology and Result Presentation            To understand how women affected by Post partum Depression react towards the problem, the researcher of this paper decided to interview at least 20 women who have just given birth with at least three days from the actual delivery of their babies. This interview-survey has been delivered by the researcher to finally give a lighter view of the dilemma that women deal with after giving birth to their infants.            The interviewees consisted of both first time mothers and experienced mothers alike so as to set the matter of differences and similarities between the cases that needs concern in the issue of dealing with PPD [Post Partum Depression]. Until recently, postpartum depression was often not taken seriously. Dr. Laurence Kruckman points out: â€Å"Women’s mental health issues have been overlooked and labeled in the past as hysteria, not worthy of concern. The American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual (DSM IV) has never fully acknowledged the presence of postpartum illness, and as a result, doctors have not been educated about it nor has reliable data been obtained. . . . And unlike 30 years ago, mothers often go home from the hospital within 24 hours. Most postpartum psychoses, blues and some depression occur within three to 14 days following birth. So the mothers are already at home and not screened by professionals who know the symptoms.†However, according to Dr. Carol E. Watkins of the Northern County Psychiatric Associates in Baltimore, Maryland, if left undiagnosed or untreated, postpartum depression can lead to long-term depression and difficulty in bonding with the baby. Depressed mothers may passively ignore their baby’s needs or, conversely, lose control and use physical punishment to discipline their infants. This can negatively affect the cognitive and emotional development of the child. For example, an article in the journal American Family Physician suggests that young children of depressed mothers perform more poorly on cognitive tests than those of mothers who were not depressed. Additionally, postpartum depression can adversely affect the other children and the husband.            Furthermore the results of the interview-survey used in this research yielded the following diagrammatic presentations. To understand the issue clearly, the illustrations are to be presented as follows: The Elements of POST PARTUM DEPRESSION: DIAGRAM 1:            Explanation: From the diagram noted herein, it is noticeable enough that the women involved with Post Partum Depression deal with different anxieties causing the situation to worsen. Being overly anxious about not being cared about and being less treated well by the other members of the family because of the arrival of the new infant is indeed a matter of elemental factor that brings a greater pressure on the mother experiencing PDD.            This is the major reason why dealing with the issue involves not only the woman or her husband alone but also the other members of the family as well. The following points are considered to be among the most effective procedures of dealing with the dilemma according to the studies that had been made under the topic of Post Partum Depression. The said points of consideration are as follows: Talk to someone about your feelings, particularly other mothers. Ask others to help you with child care, household chores, and errands. Ask your husband to share in nighttime feeding duties and household chores. Find time to do something positive for yourself, even if it is for only 15 minutes a day. Try reading, taking a walk, taking a relaxing bath. Even if you can get only one thing done in any given day, this is a step in the right direction. There may be days when you cannot get anything done. Try not to be angry with yourself when this happens.  Isolation often perpetuates depression. Get dressed, and leave the house for at least a short while each day. Fresh air and a change of scenery will do you and your baby a lot of good. These particular patterns of dealing with the situation needs to be carefully understood by the person themselves. This means that the adjustment must come from the mother herself. What can be done? Do you just have to tough it out? It is comforting to know that postpartum depression has been found to be both temporary and treatable. While rest and family support may be all that is needed for mild symptoms, the key sign that medical attention is necessary is if the depression disrupts your ability to function, says the Office on Women’s Health. Common treatments are antidepressant medication, talking with a mental-health expert, hormone treatment, or a combination of these, depending upon the severity of the case. Kangaroo, or skin-to-skin, care of the baby may also lessen maternal depression. There are also such alternative treatments as herbs, acupuncture, and homeopathic remedies. However, there are some things that you can do personally to cope. These include eating a nutritious diet (including fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals); avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and sugar; exercising in moderation; and taking a nap when your baby is asleep. Since a major factor in postpartum depression is lack of proper rest, other people can help by assuming some of the household chores and sharing in child care. Studies show that far less postpartum depression occurs where the extended family rallies around to provide support and instruction. Many times a person can be of great assistance by just being a sympathetic listener, giving the new mother reassurance, and avoiding criticizing or judging. Remember, PPD is a physical disorder and is not self-induced. As the organization Postpartum Education for Parents points out, â€Å"a woman cannot ‘pull herself together’ any more than she could if she had the flu, diabetes, or heart disease.†From the foregoing, it can be seen that although the postpartum period can be a wonderful time for new mothers, it can also be stressful. Understanding it can help us to give the support new mothers need. The Use of Hoe Massage Therapy            Every massage therapy is supposed to make close amends with the situation of the persons being affected by post partum depression. A touch therapy such as that of massage could play a great help for those suffering from the dilemma. Undoubtedly, the Hoe massage therapy which is a Japanese originated massage procedure is sure to make a sufferer of post partum depression feel relaxed as it rejuvenates the being of a person through natural scents and aroma therapy altogether. The holistic process of massaging the body would make the patient feel relived and rejuvenated to face another day of turmoil.            In short, the hoe massage is an undoubted process that is now being applied to most patients undergoing the effects of Post Partum Depression. Such patients who have experienced this massage have given considerable reactions that they were certainly given the best approach of healing that they could ever imagine through the Hoe Massage Therapy applied on them for several weeks and even months. They even said that when they feel stressful, even when the postpartum dilemma is over, they resort to how massage therapy just the same to calm things down and bring their spirit to a renewed state. Conclusion            Understanding Post Partum Depression is a vital part in dealing with the dilemma that new mothers mostly deal with. The after birth depression among new mothers, both first time and non-first-timers have naturally brought problems to new families. Not understanding the situation underlying this particular matter would make things certainly confusing as the mother would naturally require the same level of attention that is further given by the father or other members of the family to the newly born infant. Scheduling activities and providing further assistance with that of the relaxing time of the mother should be given close attention by the family members.            Understandably, Post Partum Depression is a matter of situation that could be dealt with through the application of full control of the situation with ample patience and understanding from the people involved. Constant understanding of the situation with the application of the necessary measures needed to treat the dilemma should be well viewed so as to bring fine results to the mother of the child and the other family members as well. Through this, the development of the dilemma could be expected to yield fine results on the part of the woman or the mother overcoming the dilemma brought about bu Post Partum Depression. References: Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937  Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937 Appleby, Louis, Rachel Warner, Brian Faragher, and Anna Whitton. A Controlled Study of Fluoxetine and Cognitive-Behavioural Counseling in the Treatment of Postnatal Depression. British Medical Journal. 314.n7085. 932-937 Fray, Kathy: â€Å"Oh Baby†¦Birth, Babies & Motherhood Uncensored†, pages 364-381, Random House NZ, 2005
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Consequences of Addiction to Marijuana - 781 Words
The consequences for the use of marijuana range in a variety of physical, psychological, social, and even financial burdens. People who become addicted to marijuana often find themselves experiencing consequences in all these categories. Consequences and effects in one area often lead to more consequences and down falls in another. Physical can lead to psychological. Psychological can lead to social. Social can lead to financial. The burdens and hard consequences of marijuana use are all connected. Marijuana can be smoked, eaten, drank, and even ingested in a pill form if it is being used for medicinal purposes. Marijuana causes a high that can be used as pain medications and creates an elated feeling for the user. The problem is that this high is addicting. A person can become physically addicted to the high that they get from marijuana. This causes them to abuse it more and use it in excess. Marijuana effects range from red eyes, dry mouth, slower reaction time, increased appetite, and increased heart rate and breathing. The effects can last for a while even after the high has worn off which may leave a person completely impaired. This is dangerous especially if the person has an occupation that requires them driving a lot or perform delicate work that requires lots of concentration like medical or engineering work. If you are driving a car or performing a medical procedure and you have been using marijuana(even if it’s been a couple days) you are already not suitable toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words  | 7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Human Brain793 Words  | 4 Pagesstubborn to say they’re addicted. Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, and diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors. The most recognized users in the world are marijuana addicts and alcohol addicts. Both substances have been around for several years, but recent studies show, and have shown alcohol has more of a negative effect on the hum an brain, and body overall, than marijuana, while other activities, thatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Illegal? Essay812 Words  | 4 PagesMarijuana charges reflect the still-existing discrimination in society. 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(â€Å"Marijuana Timeline†). ThenRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1498 Words  | 6 Pagesï » ¿Legalization of Marijuana Thesis Statement Marijuana use should not be legalized and must be discouraged as it is harmful and creates problems for the society Introduction Marijuana, also known as marihuana, is a drug that is taken from Cannabis sativa, a hemp plant. It is one of the most frequently used and popular drugs in the world along with caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. The United States of America is one of the worlds leading producers of marijuana where it is generally smoked andRead MoreMarijuana Has Destroyed And Transformed The Lives And Futures Of Many People1429 Words  | 6 PagesMarijuana has destroyed and transformed the lives and futures of many people. It was friday night when Alejandro 19 year-old and his friend Joe 22, both college students were arrested by the possession of 3 cigarettes marijuana. Their plan was to go to the house of their group of friends to practice music after a long week of work at school. they were about to get to their destiny when a police officer pull them over because one of car lights was not working. The police officer perceived the smellRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?973 Words  | 4 PagesMany believe that Marijuana is addictive, and for that reason, should not be legalized. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"Marijuana use can lead to the development of problem use, known as marijuana use disorder, which in severe cases takes the form of addiction.†According to recent data, it is suggested that around 30 percent of marijuana users may suffer from some degree of marijuana use disorder and people who started using marijuana when they were younger than 18 are 4-7Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1697 Words  | 7 PagesMarijuana is currently illegal in the United States, and according to popular belief, is considered a dangerous substance like any other and decriminalization of this substance would send a message to the nation’s youth that marijuana use is acceptable, resulting in higher use rates. Some believe that it is dangerous and needs to be contained, while others believe it should only be a civil infraction, and not a crime punishable with steep fines and jail time. Marijuana offenders can experience jailRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan A Controversial Issue Essay1299 Words  | 6 PagesLegalization of Marijuana A controversial issue relating to the legalization of Marijuana has been brought to the attention of the public. Many Americans support the legalization of marijuana for numerous reasons, such as it is a useful aid to alleviate medical ailments and it has a low risk of abuse; nevertheless, others people do not believe that the marijuana should be legalized. When the practical reasoning is involved, however, I believed that the positive impacts of remaining marijuana illegal outweighRead MoreDrug History And Policy Changes1558 Words  | 7 Pagesreheated when Colorado legalized weed for medical and recreational use, followed by several other states. There has slowly been a shift in mindset from, â€Å"alcoholics are drug addicts are all criminals and we (the law) should throw them in jail†to â€Å"addiction is a disease.†Even the way that addicts/alcoholics are treated has changed to treatment centers with specialist versus throwing them in the hospital to detox and hoping for a change. Policies that are shifting the penalty from incarceration to treatment
Friday, December 27, 2019
How Digital Printing Is Revolutionize Our Modern Day Lives
Where do you think the future of medicine will be in the next decade? With diseases and illnesses advancing, technology has been improving and advanced innovative ways have been surfacing. Something that has modernized our way of life without even realizing it is a printer. Do you ever foresee that printers could other than put ink on a piece of paper? Three-dimensional printing is revolutionizing our modern day lives in our own selves as we speak. Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public’s attention is 3D medical printing, or also known as bio printing. This emerging technology will enable future 3D printers to produce synthetic human tissue, and eventually human organs and transform how doctors and patients view medicine. The use of 3D Printing dates back to 1980’s when Charles Hull developed stereolithography (3D Printing). Hull received a BS in engineering and physics from the University of Colorado in 1961. He was successful in integrating the computer for developing parts based on digital information. 3D printing is a printing process that allows digital data to create 3D objects. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process, laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created creates an object. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object (â€Å"What Is 3D Printing?). NASA launched aShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Future Of Medicine1508 Words  | 7 PagesSomething that has modernized our way of life without even realizing it is a printer. Did you ever foresee that printers could do other than put ink on a piece of paper? Three-dimensional printing i s revolutionizing our modern day lives as we speak. Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public’s attention is 3D medical printing, or also known as bio printing. 3D medical printing will revolutionize the medical field and makes lives easier. This emerging technologyRead MoreThe Endless Possibilities of 3D Printing Essay1086 Words  | 5 PagesThis futuristic idea is not only innovating the scientific and technological world, but it is also innovating modern day households. The possibilities of 3D printing are extremely captivating, making this one of the most exciting innovations in recent times. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, makes three-dimensional solid objects from a digital model or command. To picture how this process works, 3D printers use an additive process, where adding layers of a successive material createsRead MorePersonal Statement : Senior Emigration From My Native Iran At The Age Of 171456 Words  | 6 PagesAria Sabour – USC GSCM Personal Statement 1. Describe yourself personally and professionally in 250 words or less. My personal and professional lives are undoubtedly interwoven, and have been affected by my independent emigration from my native Iran at the age of 17. I knew that my desire to pursue higher education would be better fulfilled abroad, so, with the support of my parents, I decided to move to France. After I gained a degree in French language there, I moved to Los Angeles with my eyesRead MoreEssay on Development of Mass Media1402 Words  | 6 PagesMany forms of mass media exist: radio, television, film, internet, email, blogs etc. Yet how these forms of media contribute to the growth of media, was never asked? Some would say that its solely because of the variety mediums, some would say that mediums was built for the 20th century, and some would say that mediums were destined and directed to grow to this point. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress
Thursday, December 19, 2019
William Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice - 1325 Words
Malicious Intentions All movies, plays and stories have a victim and a villain in the story. The victim is forced to overcome obstacles and is often hurt physically and emotionally while the villain is the one who wreaks havoc and tries to stop the victim from achieving their goal. In the play Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare there is a character so elaborate and confusing that an argument could be made that he is both. This character, Shylock, suffers from persecution and humiliation for being a Jew as well as attempting horrendous actions in hopes of retaliation. The play starts out with a young Venetian man, Bassanio, needing a substantial loan so that he can attempt to win over Portia, a young, â€Å"richly left†woman(1.1.68). A†¦show more content†¦Shylock, realizing that this is impossible agrees to drop the case and give half of his wealth to the city of Venice and half to Antonio, who returns it to Shylock. Throughout the play, Shylock proves himself to be more of a villain than a victim through his lack of humaneness and his materialistic and vengeful outlook of life. Shylock’s malevolent actions during the play is one justification that he is a villain and not the victim. One of these is his sole desire to take a pound of Antonio’s flesh, ultimately killing him, with the court on his side. This is shown towards the beginning of the play of the play when Antonio says, â€Å"Let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me,†to Bassanio as they agree on the terms of the bond(1.3.160-63). This single quote shows many traits Shylock possesses including his desire to rob Antonio of a pound of his own skin. Shylock first mocks Antonio for being Christian by saying he has â€Å"fair skin.†By saying this, Shylock displays his animosity to the way Jews are treated as well as increasing the tension between the two. Also, by say ing â€Å"what part of your body pleaseth me,†Shylock shows his cruel intention to cause harm and appease his own desires without caring how it affects Antonio. Another situation that showcases Shylock’s scarce supply of humanity is his declination of Bassanio’s offer to pay him
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Definition Of Heroism Essay Example For Students
Definition Of Heroism Essay Kion FinkleyNovember 8th, 2015ENC 1101-027Professor LapinskyDefinition EssayTrue heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but the urge to serve others at whatever cost. (Arthur Ashe). I agree with Mr. Ashe that to be truly heroic, one must not be concerned with glory, but focused on self-sacrifice. It is striving, without faltering, to reach your ultimate objective. I believe that heroism is realizing the needs of you or someone else and trying your hardest to fulfill those needs, that it is showing dedication to your quest, and that it is not giving up, even when it is believed the odds are against success. Heroism is trying your hardest, no matter the obstacles, to fulfill the needs of yourself or others. In the poem Moco Limping, by David Nava Monreal, a dog that has a dead leg doesnt let that keep him down. He, chases lethargic bees and butterflies, jumps at his owner with his feeble paws and looks at his owner with eyes that cry out with life (Lines 19-27). The dog recognizes his limitations, and instead of letting them bring him down, he lives his life the same, but reaches for goals within his reach. This is heroic because he does not give up because of his obstacle. Also, a son writes about how his mother, Ana, has an obstacle, but does all that she can to fight it, and does not complain. He says that she fights cancer with a smile and, hasnt let it slow her down either (SB 48). This shows that even though she could complain and give up fighting the disease, she tries her hardest, which inspires her loved ones. In addition, in A Man, the poet describes a soldier who loses his arm while fighting for his country. In the beginning of her poem, she describes the soldiers physical limitations from losing his arm, yet the soldier speaks of compensating for his physical disability with enthusiasm, He set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. And where the arm had been torn away a wing grew (Line 15). The first part dwells on the thought he can only do half of everything, such as a harvest, either tune or play an accompaniment on a piano, banging on a door, and holding his love. He also points out that he will never be able to applaud. However, he decides, instead of giving up, to double his enthusiasm to accomplish the same tasks. Examples of heroism are when people, whether characters in movies or books or in real life, dedicate themselves to their quests. For example, in the movie Mulan, the main character wants to help her father by enlisting in the army instead of him, which is impossible according to Chinese law because she is a girl. Though, instead of giving up at this, she decides to pretend to be a man and goes to extremes to keep up her charade. This is heroic because her father, being the only male in his family, had to enlist in the army, yet he was too sick to fight and would have undoubtedly died in the conflict. Also, in the movie October Sky , the main character, Homer, realizes he wants to be a scientist and never gives up in his quest despite all the setbacks, including very little support from loved ones. His heroism inspires people who know him to go after their own dreams. As well as Homer, Fredrick Douglass is a man who never gave up in what he believed in. Fredrick Douglass worked for the fair treatment of all people. This shows heroism because even though he had setbacks, like being physically beaten, he will always be remembered for working his hardest for the welfare of all people. .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .postImageUrl , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:visited , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:active { border:0!important; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:active , .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5 .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9e24ff4109cbe9ab0b7517b959001b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay In Satellites Heroism is not giving up after you have failed a few times. For example, in the book Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, is stuck with his men in a cave with a ferocious Cyclopes. Despite his fear and the overwhelming odds against him, he does not give up and let him and his men be killed by the monster. Instead, he uses his wit to come up with a plan to get out, The rams were fat with thick fleeces. . . The middle one was to carry one of my men, with the other two on either side to protect him (SB 37). This is a heroic plan. Because of his unrelenting efforts, he saved his mens lives. In life, there are many times in which people can give up or keep on trying. If people keep on trying, it can result in opportunities they never imagined, like saving lives. For example, in the news a while ago, a plane broke down and the pilot decided to land in the Hudson River. Instead of giving up, the pilot made this extreme decision and saved everyone who was on the plane. Also, there is anoth er hero who never gives up. Ana, a cancer patient continually inspires her loved ones with her dedication and determination to make them feel better and cope with her disease. Anas daughter writes about this; Keep going, keep going, she preached aloud, like a guardian angel above the roaring crowd (Line 4). Ana does not give up and bemoan over her hardship, instead, she gives her family hope by her indomitable will to survive despite all odds against her survival. Contrary to popular culture, heroism is not all about gaining glory as sometimes portrayed in the media. Heroism can be as personal as fighting ones own struggle to defeat cancer, trying ones hardest to fight the disease, never giving up in the hope of finding a cure, and showing dedication to pursuing treatment despite setbacks . In studying all of these heroic acts, I realized that the performance of heroic acts not only benefit the people for whom they were performed, but also the individual who performed them. The hero will see life differently, not because of the fame, if any, gained from the act, but knowing that they are capable of performing a service to either themselves or others that is meaningful. This empowers them, making them recognize their strengths and ability to problem solve when others have failed, or given up, before even trying. I hope that I have the courage to rise to the level of heroism if ever I am called to do so as were the individuals in fiction and real life I analyzed. Works Cited1.http://www.arthurashe.org/in-his-words.htmlArthur AsheCopyright 2007 Present. Arthur Ashe Learning Center. All Rights Reserved. 2.http://spectrumof2008.proboards.com/thread/556/lineage-women-ape-moco-limping3.http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324Frederick Douglass, 2015 Bio and the Bio logo are registered trademarks of AE Television Networks, LLC. Say Entertainment.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Interpol Key Factors of Success Essay Example
Interpol: Key Factors of Success Essay Today we are witnessing the creation of a new society, in which nation-states develop new long-lasting connections between each other. Political, economic and social interactions between the states call for development of International Organizations (IO) that can regulate and contribute to the international system. With the creation of IOs, another issue arose – how can IOs function in the world still accustomed to sovereignty of states, will they have a mostly positive effect on the global community and what makes an IO efficient.This research will primarily focus on efficacy of IOs, using INTERPOL as the subject of its study in order to demonstrate what factors make an IO efficient and under what conditions. PURPOSE STATEMET The purpose of this qualitative study is to identify a relation between the INTERPOL’s mission and the conditions that promote or impede achieving INTERPOL’s objectives. This study will contribute to a general understanding of what can make an IO efficient and under what circumstances IOs functions can be curtailed by a nation-state’s government. HYPOTHESISInternational Organizations play an effective role in the international system if the scope of cooperation is limited to issues to where mutual interest is obvious, where cooperation does not distract from the pre-existing initiatives already being undertaken within the states, but instead enhances those efforts. INTERPOL has proven to be an efficient organization because its mission of fighting crime in majority of cases goes along with already existing interests of states’ governments. RESEARCH QUESTION The proposed research will be guided by the following questions: 1.What determines whether or not an IO is efficient? 2. What is the definition of INTERPOL’s efficacy? 3. What factors contribute to INTERPOL’s success? 4. Under what circumstances INTERPOL is unable to carry out its mission? 5. What makes IOs efficient instruments in build ing the future global society? REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE â€Å"Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation†by Mathieu Deflem of Oxford University. Mathieu Deflem focused his research on uncovering factors that make international police an effective tool in fighting crime.His study is based on an array of historical data on international cooperation. He points out that existence of common interests between international law enforcement and sovereign states remains one of the most contributing variables to ensuring international cooperation. In his words, â€Å"the greater the extent to which international police institutions can rely on a common organizational interest in the fight against international crime, the greater is the chance that those institutions will participate in international police cooperation†(Deflem 2002, 22).In 1998, Mike Muth in his article â€Å"Interpol: Your Best Resource for International Investigationâ € discussed similar issues of international police functions related to the states’ sovereignty. His analysis demonstrated that the key to Interpol’s efficiency lies in its adherence to neutrality. According to Muth, Interpol avoids interfering in local political or military activities, and in return, local governments allow Interpol to fulfill its mission of fighting global crime. John Imhoff and Stephen Cutler included a study on why certain countries cooperate with Interpol in their article â€Å"Interpol: Helping Police Around the World. Imhoff and Cutler emphasize the importance of international law enforcement system in the world of high technology. According to their study, global crime has no political borders and state law enforcement agencies are often powerless in their efforts to ensure security when criminals cannot be contained within their borders. This article contributes to a larger issue of the role and the effect IOs should have in the XXI centu ry. Along with the expansion of the international crime other issues spill over national borders and call for interference on the global level.Another article presents an interesting study on the efficiency of Interpol. Malcolm Anderson published his article â€Å"Policing the World: Interpol and the Politics of International Police Co-operation†in 1991, eight years prior to Imhoff and Cutler work and eleven years before Deflem’s article was written, but he highlights very much the same issues: what prompts states to cooperate and what Interpol can do to encourage the states’ efforts to assist Interpol in its mission. This study presents a plentiful source of cases of cooperation between states and Interpol.However, it did not focus on specific factors that in general pave the road to such cooperation. Another important contribution to the topic of what makes Interpol’s strategies efficient was made by Michael Barnett and Liv Coleman. They took a new app roach to the issue of cooperation between the state and the IO. There are a number of studies on the state’s behavior in this equation, but Barnett’s and Coleman’s article focuses on what strategies IOs can choose from in order to act â€Å"in response to changing environmental pressures and constraints that potentially threaten their relevance and resource base†(Barnett and Coleman 2005, 593).Barnett and Coleman propose six different approaches that IOs can undertake – â€Å"acquiescence, compromise, avoidance, defiance, manipulation, and strategic social construction†(Barnett and Coleman 2005, 599). This study presents a valuable analysis on how IOs, Interpol in particular, can ensure the safety of their mission. This study however left some room for researching convergence of interests between IOs and state-actors, and how building on states’ needs and existing institutional design can enhance Interpol’s efficiency.Victor Cha in his article â€Å"Globalization and the Study of International Security†puts two salient issues together: globalization and security. The article was written in 2000, before global security became and obvious priority as a result of the 9/11 attacks. Cha pointed out the â€Å"unprecedented†need for cooperation between states and international players. In his words, â€Å"globalization puts unprecedented bureaucratic innovation pressures on governments in their search for security, and created multilateralist pressures to cooperate with substate and transnational partners rather than traditional allies†(Cha 2000, 397).This study supports the hypothesis of this research in its suggestion that common interests promote cooperation between states and IOs. Global security and fighting transnational crime are the examples used in this article as existing common interests. The article â€Å"Political Groups, Leader Change, and the Pattern of International Coo peration†by Alastair Smith, published by the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 2009, takes on a wider subject of international cooperation. This thorough mixed study looks into factors and patterns affecting states’ decision to favor one or the other group.Smith pointed out how domestic politics can play a major role in international cooperation by stating that â€Å"a nation can selectively withhold cooperation from one group to influence the domestic political competition between groups in another nation†(Smith 2009, 855). The article provids much needed insight on general patterns of international cooperation and contributed to shaping the framework of the given research on international organizations and the efficiency of Interpol. It allows room for a closer look at what makes IOs and Interpol in particular effective in carrying out their missions.In conclusion, there have been numerous studies about the significance and conditions of international coopera tion, specifically between the state-actors and international organizations. Several articles looking into this issue have built their arguments on the example of the Interpol. The scope of these articles appears to be broad, with their purpose to depict a bigger picture of what factors contribute to the efficiency of the Interpol and IOs in general. Further research is necessary in order to study the effect of one important factor – existing interests of the state and the mission of the IO.METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH STRATEGY The independent variable in this study is the INTERPOL’s efficiency in carrying out its mission. It is therefore important to define the term efficiency in given setting. Efficiency in general is the degree to which the purpose of the organization is fulfilled. In order to understand what makes an IO efficient, it is critical to understand the nature of its mission. Interpol’s main objective is â€Å"preventing and fighting crime through enh anced international police cooperation†(Rohn 2001, 270).Cooperation is the key word in this statement, therefore, the degree of the INTERPOL’s efficiency can be judged by the level of cooperation between states and INTERPOL. The dependent variables are states’ willingness to cooperate on INTERPOL’s efforts to fight crime, states’ own political interests, and INTERPOL’s methods of fulfilling its mission. This qualitative research is based on data collected from several studies on INTERPOL and on international cooperation between states and IOs and on historical examples f the state’s cooperation with INTERPOL on specific issues. This analysis will be built on reasons for state’s cooperation, which will tie the conclusion to the hypothesis. Possible counterpoints will be identified. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Since the very first International Criminal Police Congress was held in Monaco in 1914, INTERPOL has repeatedly demonstrated it s skill to assist crime fighting efforts around the globe and has shown that it is indeed one of the most efficient international organizations.Working under its banner â€Å"Connecting police for a safer world†(About INTERPOL 2013), this organization â€Å"offers a wide range of services, including forensic analyses, offers means to exchange and generate regional data, and coordinates joint operational activities among member countries†(Benyon 1994, 499). By constructing this combined framework, INTERPOL assists local police in identifying crime trends, conducting data analysis and operations and, ultimately, INTERPOL helps countries to â€Å"arrest as many criminals as possible†(About INTERPOL 2013).As we can see, INTERPOL’s mission to â€Å"arrest as many criminal as possible†is an apolitical one and almost always goes along with the states’ own interests to fight crime. In addition, INTERPOL emphasizes its neutrality. The organizatio n strives to facilitate international police cooperation even in the countries where diplomatic relations do not exist between certain states. As it is stated on the INTERPOL’s website, â€Å"action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights†(About INTERPOL 2013).INTERPOL’s Constitution also â€Å"prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character†(Ibid). Neutrality is a vital variable in search for factors that make IOs effective in their work. Neutral stance eliminates risk of IOs being perceived as a threat by the states’ governments. In respect of sovereignty, INTERPOL generally steers away from interfering with domestic affairs. Mike Muth pointed out that â€Å"INTERPOL was never designed to be an international police force†(Muth 1998, 5). John Imhoff and Stephen Cutler also highlighted theINTERP OL’s role as a universal tool for the police of its members-states and not an international law-enforcement agency. As a result of such policies on non-involvement, INTERPOL can boast many instances of international cooperation. The INTERPOL’s directorate admits that cooperation is vital to the mission’s success. The website states that â€Å"transnational crime cannot be tackled in isolation; its reach is wider than traditional law enforcement. Partnerships with other organizations and the private and public sectors are essential to tackle challenges in common areas†(About INTERPOL 2013).Another study from Crime Control Digest concurs that â€Å"the global fight against international crime and terrorism will be most efficient if international police information can be shared at local, regional and international levels†(Anonymous 2004, 3). Indeed, INTERPOL has over 60 agreements with other IOs; it finds support from the UN and receives external f unding from the members of G8 and its help with development of the International Child Sex Exploitation Image Database (About INTERPOL 2013). Such wide support can be attributed to shared goals – fighting international crime.Besides other international organizations, INTERPOL has secured cooperation from many countries that could be called â€Å"difficult†when it comes to diplomatic relationship. One of such examples is INTERPOL’s and Russia’s joined efforts in comprehending suspects. According to Timur Lakhonin, the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of INTERPOL, â€Å"as many as 1,385 people are currently on the INTERPOL’s database at Russian law enforcement agencies’ initiative†(â€Å"Russia Searching 1385 People Through INTERPOL†2009).Among these defendants and convicts, 329 people were wanted for murder (Ibid). Morocco is another case of INTERPOL’s successful efforts to cooperate with local law enforceme nt. Marrakesh became a host to the first INTERPOL â€Å"Trafficking in Illicit Goods Seminar for Middle East and North Africa Region†(â€Å"Morocco Hosts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013). The seminar was intended for senior police and law enforcement officials. The event was co-hosted with Morocco’s General Directorate for National Safety, â€Å"the three-day seminar (2-4 April) rought together some 75 police, customs and prosecutors from 15 countries across the region: Algeria, Comoros, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, UAE and Yemen†(Ibid). Among other motives for cooperation, fighting cyber-crime became the highlight of the visit of the Serbian Ministry of Interior, Vladimir Bozovic, to the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation (IGCI). At Serbia’s initiative, â€Å"as cybercrime is a growing problem in Serbia and throughout the region, meetings with INTERPOL Secretary General Ronald K.Noble reviewed the Organization’s current and future activities in this area, including the creation of a Digital Crime Centre within the IGCI to offer support for cybercrime investigations†(â€Å"Serbia Visit to INTERPOL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013). In another demonstration of cooperation between INTERPOL and nation-states, â€Å"INTERPOL and a consortium of five European partners have created a prototype system to assist with the quick identification of victims or missing persons following a natural or man-made disaster or in daily policing†(â€Å"INTERPOL and European Partners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013).The FASTID project (the FAST and efficient international disaster victim identification) was developed with help of â€Å"the German Federal Criminal Police Bundeskriminalant (BKA), the IOSB and IGD Institutes of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in Germany, Danish company PlassData, the University of Dundee and Crabbe Consulting Ltd, with co-funding from the European Union’s Seventh framework programme (FP7)†(Ibid). Once the program is fully implemented, the provided database will become as the first centralized, global database for identifying and linking missing persons.The recent arrest in Kiev ‘s international airport of two fugitives wanted in the UAE for a substantial jewelry theft is another example of international police cooperation. The two suspects, one from Turkey and the other from Azerbaijan, were â€Å"the subject of a global alert known as an INTERPOL diffusion issued by INTERPOL’s National Central Bureau (NCB) in Abu Dhabi†(â€Å"INTERPOL Commend Arrest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013). Theft is a criminal activity condemned in all countries, and apprehension of the suspects became the shared interest of several states: Ukraine, UAE, Turkey and Azerbaijan.Their efforts were effectively coordinated by INTERPOL. INTERPOL also successfully demonstrated its ability to cooperate with â€Å"trouble†states. Libya, still not ful ly recovered after recent major political shifts and not yet certain on its stance regarding its future policies, allowed INTERPOL to assist in â€Å"the recovery of assets stolen during the Gaddafi regime and help enhance national and regional security†(â€Å"Libya Mission to Advance Recovery†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013). INTERPOL has offered its help with an issue serving Libya’s interests: recovering assets and enhancing security.Such tactics provided INTERPOL with the cooperation of the Libyan government and its law enforcement forces, fulfilling INTERPOL’s goal and deeming it an efficient international organization. Examples of cooperation between INTERPOL and the states’ governments are endless. One could mention such widely publicized instances of teamwork as INTERPOL’s involvement in solving Russian airport bombing, assisting countries of South America in tracking counterfeit goods and coordinating efforts of Italian and Singapore police in appreh ension of an international match-fixer red-listed by INTERPOL.All these examples share one common thread – INTERPOL was acting along the preexisting interests of the state’s government. It therefore becomes apparent that building on mutual interests can provide the IO with the state’s support and increase the IO’s efficiency. Two counter-points arise within analysis. First of all, mutual interests can seem obvious but when parties engage in such cooperation, sometimes this mutual interest is lost in the nuance. Additionally, some pre-existing initiatives can be interrupted by shifts within domestic politics or incompatibilities arise between states’ initiatives.The nuance in political atmosphere that impedes INTERPOL’s activities can be illustrated through how the investigation of the Mumbai attack of 2008 was handled. According to the INTERPOL’s news release, the Indian government refused to share any valuable information on the expl osions in Mumbai (â€Å"India Refuses to Share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2013). Following the attack, the Indian government pointed fingers toward Pakistan, which served their political interests. Releasing more facts on the bombing to INTERPOL would serve ndermine such an accusation. In this way, INTERPOL failed its mission of international police cooperation not due to the diversion of interests of the country to apprehend the suspects, but because of subtle political atmosphere between India and Pakistan. However, when fighting crime, these factors become rather infrequent. INTERPOL’s mission correlates with most states’ interests, and therefore, today, INTERPOL remains one of the most efficient international organizations. CONCLUSIONAs it was demonstrated on the example of INTERPOL, International Organizations play an effective role in the international system if the scope of cooperation is limited to issues to where mutual interest is obvious. In the case of INTERPOL, such o bvious mutual interest is â€Å"arresting as many criminal as possible†(About INTERPOL 2013). IO’s efficiency increases where cooperation does not distract from the pre-existing initiatives already being undertaken within the states, but instead enhances those efforts.The example of the Mumbai attack has shown that even such clear objectives as finding those who were responsible for the bombing can be undermined under effect of political forces. Overall, INTERPOL has proven to be an efficient organization because its mission of fighting crime in majority of cases goes along with already existing interests of the state’s government. In addition, the findings of this study can be applied to other IOs in order to enhance the efficiency of their role in the international community.Understanding the pre-existing conditions in the state and being mindful of the domestic interests can pave the road towards a closer and more effective international cooperation in the f uture.
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